Ultra-sensitive and large dynamic range refractive index sensor utilizing annular core photonic crystal fiber
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In this work, we demonstrate a refractive index (RI) sensor employing an annular-core photonic crystal fiber (AC-PCF), which exhibits a large dynamic range and high sensitivity. The AC-PCF represents a very recent type of fiber tailored for the transmission of vector/vortex beams. The mode of operation of the proposed sensor is based on the simple and convenient intensity modulation scheme. A numerical study of the effect of varying the refractive index of the air holes (composing the photonic crystal cladding) on the propagation loss of the fundamental guided mode at 488, 980 and 1550 nm wavelength was performed via a full-vector finite-element method simulation with PML boundary conditions. Our results indicate that the fiber loss increases exponentially as the RI of the holey cladding approaches the value of that of the fiber material (i.e. fused silica in this case) due to outer radiation and scattering. Our simulation assumes that the holey cladding can be filled with analytes of RI varying between 1 to 1.4; thus, showing a large dynamic sensing range. In particular, we observed a strong propagation loss (spanning 2 orders of magnitude in dB/m scale) for analytes with RI values ranging from 1.31 to 1.39 that cover many biochemical solutions of interest. The theoretical results show that the sensitivity is as high as 2.65 × 10<sup>4</sup> (dB/m)/RIU at 1550 nm and 7.83 × 10<sup>3</sup> (dB/m/)RIU at 980 nm experimentally. The numerical results were validated with experimental demonstrations using a custom-fabricated AC-PCF.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".