Voltage gated sodium channels in cancer and their potential mechanisms of action
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Voltage gated sodium channels (VGSC) are implicated in cancer cell invasion and metastasis. However, the mechanism by which VGSC increase cell invasiveness and probability of metastasis is still unknown. In this review we outline lesser known functions of VGSC outside of action potential propagation, and the current understanding of the effects of VGSC in cancer. Finally, we discuss possible downstream effects of VGSC activation in cancer cells. After extensive review of the literature, the most likely role of VGSC in cancer is in the invadopodia, the leading edge of metastatic cancer cells. Sodium gradients are used to drive many biological processes in the body, and invadopodia may be similar. The function of the sodium hydrogen exchanger (NHE) and sodium calcium exchanger (NCX) are driven by sodium gradients. Voltage gated calcium channels, activated by membrane depolarization, are also capable of becoming activated in response to VGSC activity. Changes to hydrogen ion exchange or calcium handling have functional consequences for invadopodia and would explain the relationship between VGSC expression and invasiveness of cancer cells.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".