Bibliographic record
Abstract
This chapter sets out in broad brush some of the main trends in lexicographic work on the indigenous languages of mainland Australia and nearby islands – some of the major ones being Torres Strait Islands, Bathurst Island, Melville Island, Groote Eylandt, Mornington Island, and Bentinck Island – by missionaries, from the early days of contact with Europeans to the present. Prior to contact with Europeans, some 400 languages were indigenous to this region, depending on the criteria one adopts for languagehood; the twenty-first edition of Ethnologue lists just under 400 languages on an assortment of criteria, while R. M. W. Dixon recognizes around 250 languages based on the linguistic criterion of mutual intelligibility. These belong to twenty or thirty different families which have not to date been shown to be related to one another. Since European contact, a number of other languages have come to be spoken in Australia. These non-indigenous languages are excluded from the present chapter, except for a small number of post-contact varieties, mainly pidgins and creoles, that are currently spoken by indigenes of Australia.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.006 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".