Galectin‐1 interacts with the human endogenous retroviral envelope protein syncytin‐2 and potentiates trophoblast fusion in humans
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Syncytin (Syn)‐2 is an important fusogenic protein that contributes to the formation of the placental syncytiotrophoblast. Galectin (Gal)‐1, a soluble lectin, is also involved in trophoblast cell fusion and modulates the interaction of certain retroviral envelopes with their cellular receptor. This study aimed to investigate the association between Syn‐2 and Gal‐1 during human trophoblast cell fusion. This association was evaluated in vitro on primary villous cytotrophoblasts (vCTBs) and cell lines using recombinant Gal‐1 and Syn‐2‐pseudotyped viruses. Using lactose, a Gal antagonist, and Gal‐1‐specific small interfering RNA (siRNA) transfections, we confirmed the implication of Gal‐1 in vCTBs and BeWo cell fusion, although RT‐PCR and ELISA analyses suggested that Gal‐1 alone did not induce syncytialization. Infection assays showed a specific and significant effect of Gal‐1 on the infectivity of Syn‐2‐pseudotyped viruses that depended on the expression of major facilitator superfamily domain‐containing 2A (MFSD2a). Moreover, Gal‐3, another placental Gal, did not modulate the infectivity of Syn‐2‐positive viruses, strengthening the specific association between Gal‐1 and Syn‐2. Interestingly, Gal‐1 significantly reduced the infectivity of Syn‐1‐pseudotyped viruses, suggesting the opposite effects of Gal‐1 on Syn‐1 and ‐2. Finally, coimmunoprecipitation experiments showed a glycan‐dependent interaction between Syn‐2‐bearing virions and Gal‐1. We conclude that Gal‐1 specifically interacts with Syn‐2 and possibly regulates Syn‐2/MFSD2a interaction during syncytialization of trophoblastic cells.—Toudic, C., Vargas, A., Xiao, Y., St‐Pierre, G., Bannert, N., Lafond, J., Rassart, E., Sato, S., Barbeau, B. Galectin‐1 interacts with the human endogenous retroviral envelope protein syncytin‐2 and potentiates trophoblast fusion in humans. FASEB J. 33, 12873–12887 (2019). www.fasebj.org
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".