Physical and hydraulic properties of recycled glass as granular materials for pavement structure
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The use of alternative materials in the construction industry is gaining popularity, among others, to reduce the various environmental impacts of standard construction materials. Recycled glass (RG) is used as an aggregate in pavement structures, but the widespread usage is impeded by insufficient knowledge of its geotechnical characteristics. This research investigated the effects of using RG as a granular base aggregate. Four size ranges of RG were considered in comparison with limestone as the reference aggregate. The experimental program included shape property, water absorption, compaction, hydraulic conductivity, and water retention. The findings indicated that RG with negligible water absorption and a medium degree of permeability could replace up to 100% of the fine fraction of the base-course aggregate without reducing the hydraulic conductivity. Furthermore, RG showed better drainability than limestone aggregate, which contributes to the performance of the base–subbase aggregate in the presence of water.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".