Water Transport in Composite Membranes Containing Silica: Temperature and Relative Humidity Effects
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The aim of this work is to show the water flux across composite proton exchange membranes containing silica and SBA-15 fillers. The experiments were carried out using a gated cell in order to control the temperature and relative humidity (80 to 100 ºC, and 10, 50, 100%, respectively). The morphology was studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and EDXS. The EDXS presents the characteristic signals of Nafion and their corresponding signal of Si attributed to the inorganic material and the SEM images showed a homogeneous dispersion of the material on the membrane. Composite membranes showed higher water flux (77 mmol m-2 s-1) at simulated high temperature fuel cell conditions than the commercial Nafion membrane (67 mmol m-2 s-1). On the fuel cell test, the composite membranes exhibited better performance at 40% RH and 120 °C with a power density of 0.15, 0.14 and 0.12 Wcm-2 for composite (SiO2 and SBA15) and Nafion membranes. These results placed these composite membranes as a very promising material for application in high temperature fuel cells and low relative humidity.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".