Improved oil recovery by reducing surfactant adsorption with polyelectrolyte in high saline brine A Physicochemical and engineering aspects
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Surfactant adsorption on reservoir rock is one of the biggest challenges of chemical enhanced oil recovery (cEOR) techniques. This problem can become severe in high saline brine environments. In this work, the efficacy of a polyelectrolyte, polystyrene sulfonate (PSS), as a sacrificial agent for lowering surfactant adsorption from reservoir brine that has totally dissolved solids (TDS) of over 300,000mg/l is investigated. Four different molecular weight PSSs are evaluated through equilibrium and dynamic adsorption studies carried out on Berea sandstone and Ottawa sand. Results show significant reduction in surfactant adsorption after PSSs addition. The effects of surfactant/PSS addition techniques, sequential and simultaneous, on surfactant and/or PSS adsorptions are also studied. Sand pack studies are conducted to evaluate the effect of PSS-minimized surfactant adsorption on oil mobilization/recovery. Results show substantial improvement in oil recovery in the presence of PSS, suggesting a potential as a sacrificial agent in cEOR.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".