Production of Organic Compounds through Catalyzed Hydrothermal Carbonization of Woody Biomass
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Catalyzed hydrothermal carbonization of woody biomass produces hydrochar and valuable aqueous products (VAPs) that could potentially be harvested to facilitate commercialization of the process. Acetic acid, formic acid, glycolic acid, levulinic acid, 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furfural, and furfural are potential VAPs found in the process liquid. Recycling the process liquid increased the yields of VAPs not associated with hydrochar production, except for formic acid. Yields increased with the liquid:biomass ratio peaking at 10:1 for all but levulinic acid. The higher heating value of the hydrochar, 27.6 ± 0.3 MJ/kg, was not affected by recycling or the liquid:biomass ratio. The energy yield of catalyzed hydrothermal carbonization increased from 72 to 80% when the process liquid was recycled. Energy yields for hydrochar production increased from 63 to 74% when the liquid:biomass ratio was decreased from 12:1 to 3:1.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".