Prevalence, anatomical distribution and risk factors associated with equine gastric ulceration syndrome in American Quarter Horses
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Zusammenfassung: Magenschleimhaut (MSH)-Erkrankungen sind bei Pferden ein häufiges Problem, das oft ohne oder nur mit geringer klinischer Symptomatik auftritt.Da der überwiegende Teil der bisher erfolgten Untersuchungen vor allem an Vollblütern durchgeführt wurde, sollten in der vorliegenden Arbeit American Quarter Horses (AQH), also Pferde eines anderen Nutzungstyps und unterschiedlichen Temperaments, untersucht werden.Prävalenz, Schweregrad und Lokalisation von Veränderungen der MSH sowie mögliche Risikofaktoren sollten für diese Rasse definiert werden.Insgesamt 48 Pferde wurden im Heimatstall klinisch untersucht und gastroskopiert, 38/48 zweimal im Abstand von sechs Monaten.Zusätzlich wurden vom Besitzer oder Betreuer des Pferdes Angaben zur Haltung, Fütterung, Training, charakterlichen Eigenschaften sowie dem sozialen Umfeld des Pferdes gemacht.Die bei der Gastroskopie erhobenen Befunde wurden auf Grundlage des vom Equine Gastric Ulcer Councils (EGUC) empfohlenen Klassifizierungssystems in 5 Grade klassifiziert.In Ermangelung eines Bewertungssystems für die glanduläre Schleimhaut wurden die Befunde dieser Schleimhautregion mit einem eigenen System in 5 Grade zwischen 0 und 4 eingeteilt.Bei 79 % der Untersuchungen lagen Veränderungen der nonglandulären MSH vor, die in 57 % der Fälle als klinisch relevant eingestuft wurden.Die glanduläre Schleimhaut war in 59 % der Fälle betroffen, bei 43 % der Pferde waren beide Schleimhautbereiche gleichzeitig betroffen.Die Veränderungen befanden sich bei 56 % der Fälle an der kleinen Kurvatur, bei 53 % der Untersuchungen im Bereich der nonglandulären Schleimhaut am Margo plicatus, bei 48 % am Pylorus und bei 29 % im Bereich der Kardia.Saccus caecus ventriculi und Oesophagus wiesen bei keiner Untersuchung abweichende Befunde auf.In der gesamten Studienpopulation waren Stuten seltener von Veränderungen der MSH betroffen als Wallache.Die Haltung auf dem Land stand mit einem geringeren Erkrankungsvorkommen in Verbindung als die Haltung in der Stadt.Eine Ad-libitum-Fütterung mit Heu und eine Heugabe zur ersten Mahlzeit des Tages senkten das Erkrankungsvorkommen. Die Teilnahme an Wettkämpfen führte zu einem erhöhten Erkrankungsvorkommen. Deshalb wurden die Ergebnisse der Turnierteilnehmer aufgrund der besonderen Relevanz des Einsatzes im Sport für diese Erkrankung näher untersucht.Bei den Sportpferden erhöhten eine große zugeführte Kraftfuttermenge, der Status als "Freund", ein sympathischer Charakter und die Turnierdisziplinen Pleasure und Horsemanship/Showmanship das Risiko, an MSH-Läsionen zu erkranken.Ein ruhiges Temperament ging hingegen mit einem geringeren Erkrankungsvorkommen einher.Insgesamt lag die Prävalenz von MSH-Läsionen in der Studienpopulation mit 57 % im Bereich der für Sport-und Freizeitpferde bislang publizierter Daten.Sie lag jedoch deutlich über der bisher für AQH im Wettkampfeinsatz ermittelten Prävalenz von 40 %.Schlüsselwörter: Magenschleimhautläsion, American Quarter Horse, Fütterung, Training Prevalence, anatomical distribution and risk factors associated with equine gastric ulceration syndrome in American Quarter Horses Gastric ulceration is a common problem in horses.The prevalence of equine gastric ulcer syndrome (EGUS) varies with breed, use, training and localization of the lesions between 11 % and 100 %.Affected horses often show unspecific or no clinical signs.Most studies examined gastric ulceration in Thoroughbred racehorses.In this study, American Quarter Horses (AQH), which are not only used differently than Thoroughbreds but also have a different character, were examined.The aim of this study was to identify prevalence, localizations, and severity of the lesions in the gastric mucosa as well as risk factors for EGUS regarding management and feeding.The 48 study participants were examined clinically and underwent gastroscopy in their home stable.They were clinically healthy and did not receive any medication during the study period.A second examination of all horses after 6 months was planned, but only 38/48 horses were available for follow up.Gastric ulceration was scored from 0-4 as described by Andrews et al. (1999b) and as recommended by the Equine Gastric Ulcer Council (EGUC).An ulceration score of ≥ 2 was regarded as being clinical significant.As this system does not classify the ulceration of the glandular, a scoring system with five grades (0-4) was developed.Owners or caretakers provided additional information on management, training, feeding, as well as character of the respective horse.Alterations of the squamous mucosa were found in 79 % of which 57 % were regarded as clinically relevant and ulceration of the glandular mucosa was observed in 59 % of the examinations.Both lesions of the glandular and nonglandular parts of the stomach were observed in 43 % of the examinations.Ulceration was found at the lesser curvature (56 %), the nonglandular part of the margo plicatus (53 %), the pylorus (48 %), and the cardia (29 %).Lesions in the saccus cecus and the esophagus were not observed.Alterations of the squamous mucosa were graded as 2 in 40 % of the cases, 17 % of the horses had more severe lesions.Findings of the glandular mucosa were scored with 1 in 40 % of the examinations, 20 % of the cases were scored as 2 or 3.In total, the alterations in the squamous mucosa were scored higher than the lesions in the glandular mucosa.Female horses were less often affected than male horses (p = 0.019).Horses housed in the country had a lower risk for EGUS than horses kept near or in cities.If the horses were housed in a city, the risk for EGUS increased significantly.Free access to fibrous feed and hay fed as the first meal of the day reduced the morbidity rate.Horses in active western performance had a higher morbidity rate than horses that did not take part in competitions (p = 0.029).The data of performance horses in this population were analyzed separately because of the great relevance on performance for this disease.A high starch intake, a status as a "friend", a friendly character and performance in pleasure or horsemanship/showmanship events raised the morbidity rate.A calm temperament of the horses reduced the morbidity rate.Overall, the prevalence of gastric ulceration in the study population was 57 % which is in the range of published data for sport and recreational horses.However, it was well above formerly reported prevalence of 40 % determined for competing AQH.The assumed risk factors for EGUS were also found in the examined AQH population.Feeding roughage, pasture turnout and housing in the country for example lowered the frequency of alterations of the gastric mucosa.Training and participation in competitions
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".