Shallow penetrometer tests: theoretical and experimental modelling of the rotation stage
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Shallow penetrometers are a new type of device that measures the properties of surficial offshore sediments via multi-phase tests involving penetration, dissipation, and rotation stages. In fine-grained soils such as silts and clays, these testing stages yield properties relevant to subsea pipeline and shallow foundation design; namely, undrained strength, consolidation, and interface friction. This paper describes the fundamentals of the rotation stage, including models required for data interpretation, encompassing both a total and an effective stress framework. Additionally, new relationships to evaluate the pore pressure scaling factor, which is a key interpretation parameter required to convert discrete measurements of pore pressure on the penetrometers to an average pore pressure over the contact area, are developed based on large-deformation finite element simulations. Results from an experimental campaign using kaolin clay samples are presented, illustrating the potential of the devices to rapidly and repeatably measure interface friction properties of fine-grained sediments offshore. The results compare well with comparative measures obtained from shear box tests conducted at similarly low effective stress levels. Recommendations regarding future in situ applications are given at end of the paper.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".