An Evaluation of Low Impact Development and Residential Basement Flood Risk in the Greater Toronto Area
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Low impact development (LID) is a modern engineering design strategy that functions to mitigate the negative impacts of increased stormwater runoff and pollution by managing stormwater quality and quantity. It was hypothesized that the incorporation of LID may exacerbate hydrologic conditions and contribute to residential basement flood risk. The hydrologic model PCSWMM was used to assess the influence of LID on net infiltration depth and groundwater elevations using continuous simulation for a one-year period for three case-study sites located in the Greater Toronto Area. The inclusion of LID did influence site hydrologic parameters, though these results are inconclusive. However, it can be inferred that the increased risk of basement flooding due to exacerbation of hydrologic parameters would depend on the extensiveness of LID implementation. A novel methodology for the assessment of LID influence on residential basement flood risk was established using hydrologic modeling and probabilistic assessment techniques.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".