The incidence of the fifth head of Quadriceps Femoris, the Tensor Vanstus Intermedius, and its Relationship to the Tensor Fasciae Latae
Bibliographic record
Abstract
For many years anatomist have extensively studied the quadriceps femoris muscle and some believed that it consisted of only four heads where as some others believed in the existence of an additional fifth head. The most recent studies (Grob et al. 2016), in the second group, introduced a new head, named tensor of the vastus intermedius (TVI). However, according to the latest publications on the topic, it is still unclear whether TVI is a separate muscle or part of vastus lateralis (VL type) or vastus intermedius (VI type). The aim of this study was to carefully examine the quadriceps femoris muscle group of cadaver bodies and explore the incidence of TVI and to show whether there is a relationship between the presence of TVI and the size of tensor fasciae latae (TFL). This relationship between TVI and TFL was suspected due to similar lines of pull caused by the similar orientation of these two muscles. Eighty‐eight lower limbs of forty‐four cadavers were dissected with special attention to the innervation and blood supply to the TVI. Each and every muscle bellies that resembled the TVI were carefully traced from origin to insertion to determine their affiliation. TVI was found in 51% (45 out of 88) of limbs. Three morphological types were identified: independent type (44.4%), VL‐type (11.1%) and VI‐type (44.4%). This study confirmed the latest published findings in regards to the architecture of the quadriceps femoris muscle group. However, there was no apparent association between the size or presence of TVI and the size of the TFL. Nor were there significant differences of the findings between right and left sides or between female or male cadavers. Support or Funding Information University of British Columbia (Canada)
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".