Chronic toxicity of oil sands tailings pond sediments to early life stages of fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
). Fathead minnow are standard test species and we wanted to compare their sensitivity to the other two species. Fathead minnow larvae were exposed for 20 days (5 days in the egg stage and 15 days in the larval stage) with daily renewal of sediments and waters. Sediments contained polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and alkylated PAHs (APAHs). Results from an earlier study showed that Sediment 1 contained 173 μg/g total PAHs + APAHs (97 % alkylated), and sediment 2 contained 401 μg/g total PAHs + APAHs (95 % alkylated). Fathead minnow larvae exposed to oil sands tailings pond sediments had decreased survival, decreased weight, and increased deformities. Fathead minnow survival was unaffected at the embryo stage and at hatch. Most deaths occurred at the larval stages 1-8 days after hatching, showing the importance of exposing the fish for at least a week after hatch. Toxicity was seen at 0.2 g/L of sediment, which was equivalent to the addition of 35 and 80 μg total PAHs + APAHs to 1 L of overlying water for sediment 1 and 2, respectively. When compared to embryo-larval northern pike and walleye results from previous studies, all three species of fish responded more strongly to sediment 2 compared to sediment 1. For effects on lethality, fathead minnow were equally sensitive to pike, but walleye were 5-28 times more sensitive to the lethal effects of the sediments compared to both fathead minnow and pike. The study (and comparisons to our previous studies) shows the difference in sensitivity between a model laboratory species (fathead minnow) and some species of wild fish that are highly relevant to the oil sands area of Alberta.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".