Active Phase-Conjugating Rotman Lens With Reflection Amplifiers for Backscattering Enhancement
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Active retrodirective antenna arrays find a variety of use in applications involving wireless communication and sensing systems. This article presents a novel active version of the phase-conjugating Rotman lens with negative conductance amplifiers for applications requiring high retrodirective gain or modulation capability. Implementation challenges and limitations of extending the existing passive retrodirective Rotman lens into this enhanced active mode are described. In order to retain system stability when electrically connecting multiple potentially unstable devices, a narrowband negative conductance is designed specifically for augmenting onto the lens. The measurements demonstrate an eleven-antenna element lens with a phase-conjugating gain of 19.2-25.4 dB across a ±32° scanning range at 5.15 GHz when loaded with nine amplifiers tuned to ≈6.5-dB reflection gain. The entire system consumes only 2.4 mW of power. The circuits implemented are easily scalable to higher frequency applications. Therefore, this proof-of-concept phase-conjugating system is a step toward designing very high-gain retrodirective arrays for mm-wave applications.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".