Supervisory Board and Company Borrowing: The Case of Developing Economics
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The objective of this paper is to find out the effects of the independence and size of the supervisory board on company borrowing in a two-tier board system.Unlike prior studies, such as in the United States, the current study is conducted in a developing country that has adapted a Continental European System.This study uses panel data analysis for 1,981 observations of 283 Indonesian listed companies in the 2004-2010 period.The control variables are Return on Assets (ROA), quality of audit, age, size and firm growth.Before panel data analysis is run, the outlier and normality tests are used.In addition, test of random-effect or fixed-effect model is conducted.This work finds that supervisory board independence has a negative effect on company borrowing.Further, firm profitability has a consistent effect on company borrowing.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it