Fine-scale population genetic structure of the eastern Pacific bay pipefish, Syngnathus leptorhynchus
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Seascapes are complex systems with features that both restrict and enhance dispersal and gene flow among individuals. Understanding factors shaping genetic diversity and genetic population substructure can assist in planning effective conservation areas. Syngnathus leptorhynchus is an eelgrass-dependent fish species ranging from Alaska to Mexico. Pipefish males brood eggs in a specialized brood pouch until their emergence as fully developed young. S. leptorhynchus has a body form that presumably reflects adaptations to mimic Zostera marina L. blades which may, in combination with the provision of prolonged parental care, limit its dispersal potential and promote population subdivision. Syngnathus leptorhynchus were collected from 17 localities iii Barkley Sound, Vancouver Island, British Columbia. A total of 156 alleles were detected with 5 microsatellite loci with an average of 31 (STDV 13.9) alleles per population. Genetic diversity was high and the observed multi-locus heterozygosity was 0.91. Genetic diversity and allelic richness were lowest in North Barkley Sound encompassing the Broken Group Islands, Pacific Rim National Park Reserve (BGI). Pipefish genetic differentiation revealed patterns of local heterogeneity at small spatial scales within the BGI archipelago, but regional homogeneity at larger spatial scales. Genetic differentiation measured over the five loci was weak but statistically significant (Fst = 0.005, P = 0.0001) over a maximum distance between localities of 83 km. Individual pairwise Fst comparisons ranged from 0.00 to 0.017. There was evidence for closed population dispersal consistent with geography and two nascent genetic subpopulations encompassing East Barkley and South/North Barkley Sound. Pipefish at Gibralter Island (BGI) were significantly diverged from other localities. Fjordal environments appeared to restrict pipefish gene flow between the two genetic subpopulations. Archipelagos and deepwater channels restricted pipefish gene flow and increased genetic differentiation. Genetic connectivity of pipefish in localities within the BGI archipelago was restricted and localities were significantly differentiated from each other. Pipefish in two BGI localities, however, revealed unrestricted connectivity and were genetically similar to neighbouring localities outside this oceanographically complex archipelago. Coastal habitats maintain connectivity among pipefish in eelgrass beds located in South/North Barkley Sound and were important in promoting an isolation-by-distance pattern among coastal eelgrass beds. Pipefish genetic neighbourhoods ranged in linear distance from 40-60 kilometres.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".