Effect characterization of sediment-associated naphthalene sulfonates (NSAs) on freshwater benthic invertebrates
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Naphthalene sulfonic acids (NSAs) are used extensively as anti-corrosive additives in fuels, coatings, and lubricants. However, very little data exist of their potential impact on aquatic ecosystems. The primary goal of this thesis was to evaluate the toxicity of three NSA congeners to aquatic biota. I began by investigating their toxicity in overlying water by observing the impact of chronic NSA exposure on Pimephales promelas eggs, and the acute responses of amphipods, gastropods, and larval mussels. I then compared the toxicological response of two benthic invertebrates, Hyalella azteca (amphipoda) and Tubifex tubifex (oligochaeta), exposed to NSA via spiked substrates containing 0% or 2% organic carbon. NSA toxicity was significantly decreased by the presence of organic carbon. I also assessed the potential for NSA to bioaccumulate in freshwater mussels and oligochaetes and observed minimal accumulation. This study concluded that environmentally relevant concentrations of NSAs pose minimal hazard to benthic biota.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".