The Effect of Soil Depth and Box Culvert Geometry on the Static Soil-Culvert Interaction
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Soil arching is major factor that often controls the response of box culverts to static loads. The effect of relative stiffness between the culvert and the surrounding soil is critical in considering the complex soil-culvert interaction (SCI). In practice, box culverts can have different characteristic length scales in relation to vertical and horizontal soil stress changes. Therefore, the effect of box culvert size was investigated experimentally and numerically. In the present study, centrifuge tests were conducted to investigate the SCI considering the height of soil column and culvert geometry. The results were used to calibrate a numerical model to further investigate the response of the box culverts to static loads. The results have been evaluated for bending moment, soil pressure and soil culvert interaction factors. These results were then used to establish charts that may be employed to assess design values for box culverts.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".