Attitudes and Response to a Smartphone-Based Digital Pill Intervention to Enhance PrEP Adherence Among Men Who Have Sex With Men With Stimulant Use
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background Digital pills contain a radiofrequency emitter and gelatin capsule that over-encapsulate a study medication. The radiofrequency emitter, activated by the chloride ion gradient in the stomach, transmits a signal to a wearable Reader device following ingestion. The Reader relays ingestion data to a smartphone app and cloud-based server, allowing for real-time verification of ingestion events and adherence measurement. Digitized pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) may improve outcomes in populations with suboptimal adherence related to substance use. Stimulant use is particularly prevalent among men who have sex with men (MSM) and is associated with increased HIV risk behavior and transmission. We conducted seven focus groups with MSM who use stimulants (N=16) to inform the development of PrEPsteps, a novel smartphone-based adherence intervention respondent to data from digitized PrEP and designed to augment adherence. Objective To inform the specification of the design, content, and delivery of the smartphone-based PrEPsteps adherence system via focus groups with HIV-negative MSM who use stimulants. Methods Seven focus groups were conducted with HIV-negative MSM reporting stimulant use (eg, cocaine, methamphetamine) in the past six months. Participants self-reported medical history, substance use and sexual activity. Focus groups explored responses to digital pill technology, willingness and barriers to use, content and timing of adherence messaging, and three intervention components: (1) abbreviated cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) adherence counseling (LifeSteps); (2) contingent reinforcement/corrective feedback; and (3) substance use-related Screening, Brief Intervention and Referral to Treatment (SBIRT). Focus groups were transcribed and analyzed using applied thematic analysis. Results Sixteen individuals participated in focus groups. All were male; age ranged from 24 to 63 (mean 39.9, SD 14.1) and most self-identified as gay (N=13). Participants were primarily non-Hispanic or Latino (N=12); 10 identified as white, two as black, and four as multiracial. Most had at least a college degree (N=14). Twelve participants were taking PrEP, 5 of whom reported missed doses in the past two weeks. Number of sexual partners in the past three months ranged from 1 to 200 (M=28.1; SD=50.9). Fifteen participants reported using stimulants during the last 30 days. Participants viewed digital pills as a tool to enhance PrEP adherence and accountability. They expressed a willingness to use the digital pill and identified physicians, family members, and partners as people with whom they would share adherence data. The Reader was viewed as the most difficult technological component to use, although participants also described the device as itself an adherence reminder. Participants identified customizability as a valuable aspect of the technology; message and reminder content, structure, and scheduling were all considered customizable. With regard to the intervention, participants were accepting of and willing to interact with corrective feedback messages linked to a brief CBT LifeSteps booster session. Conclusions PrEPsteps, a smartphone-based adherence intervention, was viewed as acceptable by HIV-negative MSM who use stimulants. Individuals perceived corrective feedback notifications to be the most helpful component of the system, and expressed a strong preference for customizability across the intervention.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".