Experimental Investigation of Single Model Pile and Pile Group Behavior in Saturated and Unsaturated Sand
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The research focus of this paper is directed to investigate the behavior of a single model pile and pile groups in sand under both saturated and unsaturated conditions. Forty different model tests were performed on single piles and pile groups by varying the water-table level. Influence of matric suction, roughness of soil–shaft interface, dilation, and group action were investigated. Test results suggest that the ultimate load-carrying capacity of a single pile and pile groups increased by twofold to 2.5-fold, and settlements decreased significantly due to the matric suction’s contribution in comparison with saturated conditions. Erroneous results are likely if conventional soil-mechanics principles are extended in the estimation of pile group capacity and the group efficiency factor for unsaturated cohesionless soils. These errors can be attributed to neglecting the cumulative influence of matric suction and stress overlap in pile group behavior of sandy soils. This study highlights the need for rigorous interpretation of pile load test results taking account of the influence of matric suction when evaluating pile group capacity and group efficiency factor in engineering practice for unsaturated sandy soils.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".