From GOLF and SNO to G: The Sun as a Probe of Newton's Constant
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A standard model of the Sun calculated using the value for Newton's gravitational constant's G, 6.67259 1E-8 cm^2/g/s^2, that was reported in 1986 (CODATA) predicts that the square of the sound-speed has a relative difference of less than 0.5% from the inverted helioseismic sound speed. However a significant discrepancy persists that is as large as 3% between the predicted sound-speed of the standard solar model and the solar models that are computed with the latest measured values of G, 6.674215 1E-8 cm^2/g^/s^2 and 6.67559 1E-8 cm^2/g/s^2. We conclude that the seismic data seems to prefer a lower value of G. Furthermore, we show that the solar neutrino flux from ^8B decay that has been recently detected at the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory could eventually provide the key to the problem.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".