Psychosis and dopamine High D2 receptors: Schizophrenia is a state of behavioural dopamine supersensitivity
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Individuals with psychosis, particularly schizophrenia, are behaviorally supersensitive to dopamine-like drugs such as amphetamine or methylphenidate. Such supersensitivity may be associated with an increased pre-synaptic release of dopamine or a post-synaptic elevation of D2 receptors or of D2High receptors. The pre-synaptic release of dopamine is normal in remitted patients with schizophrenia. Brain imaging studies find that D2 receptors are only increased by 6% in anti-psychotic-naive schizophrenia patients. Therefore it is probable that the behavioural supersensitivity may arise from more D2High receptors in schizophrenia. After reducing endogenous dopamine, recent studies revealed an increase in apparent D2High receptors in schizophrenia. Animal models of psychosis, including dopamine-supersensitive animals pre-treated with amphetamine, marijuana or phencyclidine, or animals with gene knockouts in various neurotransmitter pathways, including those for glutamate receptors, have elevated levels of D2High receptors, consistent with behavioural dopamine supersensitivity in schizophrenia.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".