Hemoglobin Oxygen Saturation Discrepancy Using Various Methods in Patients with Sickle Cell Disease.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Objective: Sickle cell disease (SCD) is characterized by chronic hemolytic anemia and vaso-occlusive painful crises. Recurrent pulmonary microinfarction as well as increased predisposition to lung infection during vaso-occlusive crisis places these patients at high risk for hypoxemia. Furthermore, because hypoxemia is a trigger for sickling and vaso-occlusion, the detection of arterial hypoxemia and its correction are very important during painful episodes. We previously assessed reliability of pulse oximetry in pateints with SCD (Blood2001:98;491 abstr 2049). In present study we evaluated agreement among three available methods for measuring hemoglobin oxygen saturation in a relatively larger group of adult patients with SCD during vaso-occlusive crisis and compared them to a control group. Methods: Eighteen adult hypoxic patients with SCD hospitalized during a painful episode at a tertiary care institution served as the study group, whereas 12 non-SCD hypoxic African-American patients admitted with various cardio-pulmonary diagnoses served the control group. The hemoglobin oxygen saturation was determined simultaneously by pulse oximetry (SpO2), co-oximetry (SO2 [functional oxyhemoglobin saturation] & FO2Hb [oxyhemoglobin fraction]) and by calculation (SaO2) using a normal oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve in the 2 groups.Bland-Altman analysis was carried out to evaluate agreement of various methods in the two groups. Spearman Correlations were calculated for descriptive purposes. As a secondary analysis, McNemar’s Test was used to compare the proportion of ‘critically hypoxic’ patients between two measurement techniques. Results: The two groups were different with respect to age, systolic blood pressure, body temperature, hemoglobin level, serum bilirubin level, blood pH, methemoglobin and carboxyhemoglobin levels. Mean differences between various methods for measuring hemoglobin oxygen saturation in patients with SCD were significantly larger than the control group. Mean bias between SpO2 and SO2, and SpO2 and FO2Hb in patients with SCD were −3.1 ±4.4 (95% CI −11.7 to 5.5) and 2 ±4.1 (95% CI, −6 to 10) respectively compared to −1.4 ±1.4 (95% CI, −4 to 1.4) and 1.2 ±1.5 (95% CI, −1.8 to 4.2) in control group. A bias of −4.5 ±4 (95% CI, −12.3 to 3.8) between SpO2 and SaO2 was noted in patients with SCD compared to −0.08 ±2.1 (95% CI, −4.2 to 4.1) in control. Spearman correlations between various methods in control group were consistently higher (0.82 to 0.99) than patients with SCD (0.59 to 0.89). McNemar’s test for comparing the proportion of "Critically Hypoxic" disposition using a cut-point of 90% oxyhemoglobin saturation showed that there was poor agreement among methods in the sickle cell group whereas acceptable agreement was noted among methods in the control group. Conclusion: Patients with SCD during vaso-occlusive crisis have discrepancies in oxyhemoglobin saturation measurements by various methods. Abnormal pulse oximetry values in these patients should be interpreted cautiously and supplemented by PO2 and co-oximetry.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.005 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".