Single nucleotide polymorphism‐based species phylogeny of greater fritillary butterflies (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: <i>Speyeria</i> ) demonstrates widespread mitonuclear discordance
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract The systematics of Speyeria butterflies has historically been complicated by intraspecific variability that has challenged efforts to delimit species and reconstruct phylogenies. Our study presents a phylogenetic comparison of genomic single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and mitochondrial COI gene sequences, with comprehensive taxon sampling that includes 15 species and 46 subspecies. Increased sampling of genetic markers and taxa improved the match between genetic clusters, obtained with both phylogenetic and cluster‐based analyses, and species previously detected using morphology, as well as showing two species delimitations that may need revision. We also recovered extensive mitonuclear discordance between genomic SNPs and the COI gene, confirming that mitochondrial DNA does not reliably identify several species at broad geographic scales. Resolution of the relationships of Speyeria species demonstrates the importance of sampling variation across the whole genome, and provides an essential foundation for understanding the evolution of this charismatic clade of North American butterflies.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it