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Record W2979610470 · doi:10.5539/ijef.v11n11p30

The Cost of Unemployment in Saudi Arabia

2019· article· en· W2979610470 on OpenAlex

Why this work is in the frame

A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.

venuePublished in a venue whose home country is Canada.
no affNo Canadian affiliation: this work is invisible to an affiliation-only frame.
No Canadian affiliation. An affiliation-only frame, the usual design, would never have seen this work. It is one of the works that make the case for inverting the frame.

Bibliographic record

VenueInternational Journal of Economics and Finance · 2019
Typearticle
Languageen
FieldEconomics, Econometrics and Finance
TopicUnemployment and Economic Growth
Canadian institutionsnot available
Fundersnot available
KeywordsUnemploymentGross domestic productEconomicsProduct (mathematics)Full employmentOkun's lawStructural unemploymentReal gross domestic productMacroeconomicsLabour economicsUnemployment rateDemographic economicsMathematics

Abstract

fetched live from OpenAlex

After a prosperous youth starting from the early 1900s, Saudi Arabia is finally starting to face some of its first real challenges of the 21st century in the form of high rate of unemployment. This paper seeks to determine the root causes of the persistent rise in unemployment in Saudi Arabia. In addition to more general causes, it also looks at the historical foundations of the problem of unemployment in the nation. The paper explains the high economic and social costs of unemployment and also determines the empirical relationship between unemployment and loss in Gross Domestic Product (GDP), utilizing Okun’s law and applying recently developed panel econometrics techniques. Additional details about the social costs of unemployment are also explained. The primary goal of the paper is to develop an approach to estimate the cost of unemployment in Saudi Arabia more accurately. This paper utilizes alternative approaches such as the average product method as a failsafe to double-check in situations where Okun’s law could not be applied. Thus, this paper will detail the potential risks that threaten the nation as an effect of unemployment. Finally, the main findings of this paper is that the loss of the total real GDP is $ 95 billion, while the loss of the non-oil real GDP is $ 95 billion as a result of 1,687,313 Saudis unemployed.

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.

Full frame distilled prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.001
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.000
Version: codex-gemma-dda1882f352aValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesnone
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Theoretical or conceptual · Consensus signal: none
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: Empirical
Teacher disagreement score0.606
Threshold uncertainty score0.341

Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0010.000
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0000.000
Bibliometrics0.0000.000
Science and technology studies0.0000.000
Scholarly communication0.0000.000
Open science0.0000.000
Research integrity0.0000.000
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0000.000

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.022
GPT teacher head0.218
Teacher spread0.197 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it