Inertial effects in triple-layer core-annular pipeline flow
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Triple-layer core-annular flow is a novel methodology for efficient heavy oil transportation. As usual, high shear rates concentrating in a lubricating fluid layer reduce the pressure drop significantly. Novel is the use of a viscoplastic fluid bounding the lubricant and protecting the transported core. For sufficiently large yield stress, the skin remains unyielded, preventing any interfacial instabilities. By shaping the skin, we generate lubrication forces to counterbalance buoyancy of the core fluid, i.e., an eccentric position of the core is the result of buoyancy and lubrication forces balancing. Here, we extend the feasibility of this method to large pipes and higher flow rates by considering the effects of inertia and turbulence in the lubrication layer. We show that the method can generate enough lubrication force to balance the buoyancy force for a wide range of density differences and pipe sizes if the proper shape is imposed on the unyielded skin.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".