Provenance of Permian eolian and related strata in the North American midcontinent: Tectonic and climatic controls on sediment dispersal in western tropical Pangea
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The Permian marks a time of substantial climatic and tectonic changes in the late Paleozoic. Gondwanan glaciation collapsed after its earliest Permian acme, aridification affected the equatorial region, and monsoonal conditions commenced and intensified. In western equatorial Pangea, deformation associated with the Ancestral Rocky Mountains continued, while the asynchronous collision between Laurentia and Gondwana produced the Central Pangean Mountains, including the Appalachian-Ouachita-Marathon orogens bordering eastern and southern Laurentia, completing the final stages of Pangean assembly. Permian red beds of the southern midcontinent archive an especially rich record of the Permian of western equatorial Pangea. Depositional patterns and detrital-zircon provenance from Permian strata in Kansas and Oklahoma preserve tectonic and climatic histories in this archive. Although these strata have long been assumed to record marginal-marine (e.g., deltaic, tidal) and fluvial deposition, recent and ongoing detailed facies analyses indicate a predominance of eolian-transported siliciclastic material ultimately trapped in systems that ranged from eolian (loess and eolian sand) to ephemerally wet (e.g., mud flat, wadi) in a vast sink for mud to fine-grained sand. Analyses of U-Pb isotopes of zircons for 22 samples from Lower to Upper Permian strata indicate a significant shift in provenance reflected in a reduction of Yavapai-Mazatzal and Neoproterozoic sources and increases in Grenvillian and Paleozoic sources. Lower Permian (Cisuralian) strata exhibit nearly subequal proportions of Grenvillian, Neoproterozoic, and Yavapai-Mazatzal grains, whereas primarily Grenvillian and secondarily early Paleozoic grains predominate in Guadalupian and Lopingian strata. This shift records diminishment of Ancestral Rocky Mountains (western) sources and growing predominance of sources to the south and southeast. These tectonic changes operated in concert with the growing influence of monsoonal circulation, which strengthened through Permian time. This resulted in a growing predominance of material sourced from uplifts to the south and southeast, but carried to the midcontinent by easterlies, southeasterlies, and westerlies toward the ultimate sink of the southern midcontinent. This is a preprint of the item published on December 28, 2018 at https://doi.org/10.1130/2018.2540(28)
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.004 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".