Pancreatic Extracts for the Treatment of Diabetes (1889–1914): Acomatol
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Historical review on the early development of organotherapy for diabetes [pancreatic extracts (PE)] and its relationship with the social and political circumstances. AREAS OF UNCERTAINTY: The diagnosis of diabetes relied only in the presence of glycosuria and cardinal symptoms. Blood glucose determinations were not regularly available, requiring large volumes for sampling. Micromethods for glycemia were developed just in the last years of the investigated period. Hypoglycemia remains undiscovered. Isolation and purification of PE were difficult tasks due to the unknown chemical structure of the antidiabetic hormone. DATA SOURCES: (1) Berliner Medizinhistoriches Museum der Charité (Humboldt University). (2) GeDenKort Charité-Wissenschaft in Verantwortung. (3) Geheim Staatsarchiv Preuβischer Kulturbesitz. (4) Archival Collections, University of Toronto: Thomas Fisher Rare Book Library. Academy of Medicine Collection, F. G. Banting Papers, C. H. Best Papers, J. J. R. Macleod Papers. (5) National Library of Medicine: Pubmed search for the topic of history of insulin. History of Medicine-on syllabus archive. (6) Selected books: The Discovery of Insulin (M. Bliss); Diabetes, Its Medical and Cultural History (D. von Engelhardt); Brown-Séquard (M. J. Aminoff); Diabetes: The Biography (R. Tattersall); The Endocrine Organs (E. Schäfer); The Internal Secretions (E. Gley); Health, race and German politics between national unification and Nazism, 1870-1945 (P. Weindling). THERAPEUTIC ADVANCES: Demonstration that diabetes is a pancreatic disease. The outstanding progress of medical physiology led to the birth of endocrinology and the key concepts of homeostasis. Experimental scientists designed new procedures for complete pancreatectomy and elaboration of PE containing the antidiabetic principle. Organotherapy achieved complete success in the treatment of myxedema and partial success in the treatment of experimental and clinical diabetes. CONCLUSIONS: The organotherapy of diabetes was an obliged step to facilitate the identification of the antidiabetic hormone. Organotherapy of diabetes was a paradigm for the integration of basic and applied knowledge about hormone action and development of endocrine pharmacology.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.004 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.015 | 0.006 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".