Modification of Kraft Lignin with Dodecyl Glycidyl Ether
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Kraft lignin (KL) is extensively produced in industry but is mainly burned as fuel. To broaden its use, KL was grafted with dodecyl glycidyl ether to alter its thermal properties. The reaction of KL with dodecyl glycidyl ether (DGE) was analyzed using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), Fourier infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and elemental analysis. Alternatively, KL was methylated to mask its phenolic hydroxy groups to investigate how phenolic hydroxy groups impact the grafting of the alkyl chain of DGE onto lignin (methylated Kraft lignin, MKL). The methylation facilitated the molecular weight enhancement and thermal stability reduction of Kraft lignin via grafting with DGE. The influence of grafting alkyl chains on the structural and thermal properties of KL and MKL was studied using thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry analysis. Our data suggest that, due to their high molecular weights and lower glass transition temperatures, the produced lignin derivatives may be promising feedstocks for composite production.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".