The Founding of the Front de Liberation du Quebec and the Events that Led to the October Crisis of 1970
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The FLQ, a Marxist group founded in 1963, sought to overthrow the Quebec provincial government and establish an independent Quebec. From 1963 to 1970 the FLQ committed over 200 acts of political violence, including bank hold-ups and bombings that caused at least three deaths. The FLQ is best known for the October crisis of 1970 which involved the kidnapping of a British diplomat and Canadian politician, who was later murdered. This paper examined the Canadian government's response to the FLQ political violence between 1963 and 1970, and demonstrated how the failure of the government to take the FLQ seriously led to the October 1970 events of political kidnapping and murder. Resources used in this study included Canadian parliamentary debates, newspapers from Montreal, Ottawa, Toronto, and Quebec, memoirs and autobiographies of political leaders and participants, contemporary reports, and biographic and other secondary scholarship.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.021 | 0.009 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.005 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.008 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".