Paleoredox chemistry of Cenomanian–Coniacian black shales at high paleolatitudes: Implications for the extent of anoxia during OAE2
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Cretaceous oceanic anoxic events (OAEs) have been studied in detail during the last decades. OAE2 is of particular interest as it reflects one of the largest perturbations of the global carbon cycle in the Mesozoic. It is characterised by a widespread deposition of organic rich sediments which is reflected by a positive carbon isotope excursion (CIE) in the terrestrial and marine record. Whereas the paleoredox conditions in low and mid-paleolatitudes are well constrained for OAE2, data from high paleolatitudes are still scarce. The paleoceanographic response at high paleolatitudes during OAE2 is here characterized by samples from Axel Heiberg Island in Canada. Preliminary palynological analyses indicate a Late Cenomanian!Coniacian age for the section. Bulk organic carbon isotope data have been corrected using the hydrogen index (Rock Eval pyrolysis) to account for changes in organic matter sourcing. Our corrected isotope record correlates in detail with the European carbonate reference curve and confirms our biostratigraphic model. Iron speciation (FeHR/FeT and FePy/ FeHR) data point to anoxic but non-euxinic conditions at high paleolatitudes during OAE2. Furthermore the Sverdrup Basin was intermittently suboxic to anoxic (ferruginous) throughout most of the latest Cenomanian–Coniacian. Despite very high TOC (>10%) and hydrogen index values, molybdenum concentrations are relatively low during OAE2 but increase after the event. This suggests a global drawdown of the seawater molybdenum reservoir caused by the widespread extent of ocean anoxia/euxinia in the Cretaceous oceans during OAE2.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".