The Growing Importance of Municipal Empowerment in the Canadian Federation and the Need for a “Big Cities Collective”
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The Canadian federal-provincial system of government is recognized as one of the most unique in the world. While the founding fathers originally envisaged a relatively centralized system of government, reflecting their desire for a powerful national authority, political realities soon deemed that a more decentralized form of government would prevail. Influenced by both domestic and international factors, the Canadian federal system evolved throughout the 20th century. Provincial governments increasingly asserted their rights to attain the jurisdictional powers necessary to achieve their goals, and demanded to be placed on a near-equal footing with the federal government.1 The process by which this unfolded was long, grueling and conflict-ridden, but was essential if Canada were to function in the face of intense regionalism.2 The process reached in culmination in the Constitution Act of 1982, which enshrined the two-tier federal-provincial system. [...]
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.004 | 0.006 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.036 | 0.018 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.008 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.008 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.007 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".