3D projection electrophoresis for single-cell immunoblotting
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract While immunoassays and mass spectrometry are powerful single-cell protein analysis tools, bottlenecks remain in interfacing and throughput. Here, we introduce highly parallel, synchronous, three-dimensional single-cell immunoblots to detect both cytosolic and nuclear proteins. The novel threedimensional microfluidic device is a photoactive polyacrylamide gel with a high-density microwell array patterned on one face (x-y) for cell isolation and lysis. From each microwell, single-cell lysate is ‘electrophoretically projected’ into the 3 rd dimension (z-axis), separated by size, and photo-captured for immunoprobing and three-dimensional interrogation by confocal/light sheet microscopy. Design guidelines for throughput and separation performance are informed by simulation, analyses, and deconvolution postprocessing based on physics of 3D diffusion. Importantly, separations are nearly synchronous, whereas serial analyses can impart hours of delay between the first and last cell. We achieve an electrophoresis throughput of >2.5 cells/s (70X faster than serial sampling) and perform 25 immunoblots/mm 2 device area (>10X increase over previous immunoblots). A straightforward device for parallel single-cell immunoblotting, projection electrophoresis promises to advance integration of protein-level profiles into the emerging single-cell atlas of genomic and transcriptomic profiles.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".