Groundwater microbial diversity and antibiotic resistance linked to human population density in Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Microbial community composition in selected karst groundwater sites in the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico, was assessed to determine the environmental variables influencing groundwater microbial diversity. The karst aquifer system is a groundwater-dependent ecosystem and is the world's second largest underwater karst cave system. The area's geology allows precipitation to infiltrate into the groundwater system and prevents accumulation of surface water; as such, groundwater is the only source of fresh water on the peninsula. The sampling locations consisted of three karst sinkholes that extend through the freshwater zone into the saline water, and an abandoned drinking water well of an ocean-side resort, during the dry and rainy seasons. The analysis showed that highly diverse microbial communities are present in the Yucatan groundwater, sustained by permanently warm temperatures and high nutrient input from human activity. Proximity to densely populated areas, such as tourist resorts, is the most important factor influencing both the diversity and presence of fecal bacteria and the antibiotic resistance profile.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".