The problem(s) with cities: Analyzing the need for greater municipal empowerment in Canada
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Canada’s big cities face big, complex problems that undeniably hamper their ability to govern effectively. In addition to the fact that they are highly diverse and culturally distinct from their surrounding regions, many structural issues exist within the architecture of big city governments that make the act of governing extremely difficult, and the result is an arguably poorer quality of life for urban citizens. Not only are urbanites underrepresented in the federal system, meaning that the issues they face in their day-to-day lives are less discussed in Ottawa, but urban-based minorities, including racialized and poor Canadians, are further marginalized. Municipalities, presided over by provincial governments, have little control and minimal ability to address the needs of their citizens in serious and thoughtful ways: this is not only harder on the administrators of big cities, who feel significant frustration at their own impotence, but is also hard on citizens who are unable to hold their city governments accountable for anything, including the bad behaviour that sometimes results (Slayton 2015, 1-2).[...]
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".