Knockdown of <i>VvMYBA1</i> via virus-induced gene silencing decreases anthocyanin biosynthesis in grape berries
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Anthocyanin in grapevines, regulated by structural and regulatory genes, determines the colour of grape berries and is a key factor in wine quality. The transgenic approach is a useful strategy for elucidating gene function. However, it is difficult to obtain transgenic fruit trees, including grapevines. Viral vectors offer an effective strategy for overcoming this challenge. In this study, we successfully knocked down the VvMYBA1 gene in ‘Red Globe’ and ‘JiZaoMi’ grape berries via virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) by vacuum infiltration and silencing efficiencies of 73% and 93%, respectively, were obtained relative to the control. Total anthocyanins content was reduced 1.7- and 2.7-times relative to that in the control in ‘Red Globe’ and ‘JiZaoMi’ grape berries, respectively. The expression levels of VvUFGT and VvDFR were reduced by 80% and 8% and by 72% and 42% relative to the control in ‘Red Globe’ and ‘JiZaoMi’ grape berries, respectively, in the anthocyanin metabolic pathways. Tobacco rattle virus-mediated VIGS was, therefore, successfully established in grape berries. These findings provide direct evidence that VvMYBA1 encodes skin colour in red grape berries and suggest a possible application of VIGS for gene function studies in other fruits.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".