Bedrock depth evaluation using microtremor measurement: empirical guidelines at weathered granite formation in Singapore
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Detection of bedrock depth is one of the critical site investigation procedures for seismic hazard analysis and underground developments that may encounter varying rock formation. The most common practice to detect bedrock is to directly drill boreholes. However, the intrusive borehole-based site investigation process is often expensive and time consuming and provide limited information from discrete boreholes. In the present study, a surface wave based technique, microtremor array measurement (MAM) and microtremor measurement (MM) is used to find the depth of bedrock at Bukit Timah granite formation in Singapore. Based on a series of MAM and/or MM surveys, four interpretation approaches, i.e., (1) Bilinear intersection method; (2) Preselected shear wave velocity (VS) based approach; (3) Normalized phase velocity approach; and (4) Horizontal to vertical spectral ratio (HVSR) analysis, are proposed for bedrock depth detection. The first three approaches are based on surface wave inverted VS profile using a vertical component of MAM. The fourth approach is to utilize the natural frequency of the ground through HVSR using three components microtremor measurements (MM). By compiling experimental data at nine different testing sites, it was demonstrated that non-invasive surface wave-based approaches can be effectively used for bedrock detection. Especially, a promising empirical correlation between the natural frequency of ground and the depth of bedrock is subsequently proposed.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it