Cross-Configuration Substrate Integrated Waveguide Beamforming Network for 1D and 2D Beam Patterns
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper presents the simulated and measured results of a dual-layer substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) beamforming network utilizing an 8 × 8 cross-configuration Butler matrix over a frequency range of 28.5 to 31.5 GHz. By arranging the input ports on the bottom SIW layer and employing dual-layer passband filters as a detachment point, the top SIW layer can be interchanged with the purpose of exploring one-dimensional and two-dimensional broadside beam patterns. Although Butler matrices are not typically utilized for beamforming in this configuration, two examples of interchangeable top layer arrays are demonstrated; the first being a 2 × 8 slot antenna array for 1-D scanning, and the second being a 2 × 4 center-slot array for 2-D scanning. Each of the beamforming network's simulated and measured 10 dB bandwidth is demonstrated over a range of 28.5 to 31.5 GHz. Additional design details and dimensions are specified for the aforementioned passband filter transitions, as well as for each of the slot antenna arrays.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".