Optical Frequency Comb Generation Using CMOS Compatible Cascaded Mach–Zehnder Modulators
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Optical frequency combs (OFCs) play a key role in a variety of applications and have been implemented primarily using mode-locked lasers, Kerr resonators, and electro-optic (EO) modulation. EO modulation-based OFC generation may not yield as many comb lines nor span as broad a bandwidth as mode-locked lasers or Kerr resonators; however, it offers a high degree of tunability in central frequency and comb spacing. Integrated solutions are of interest as they significantly reduce device footprint and enable large scale system integration. In this paper, we demonstrate flexible on-chip OFC generation using two cascaded EO Mach-Zehnder modulators in silicon photonics. We demonstrate quasi-rectangular OFCs with 9 lines and a comb spacing of up to 10 GHz with an amplitude variation (comb flatness) within 6.5 dB. The corresponding time-domain waveforms have a good fit with sinc-shaped Nyquist pulses having a full-width at half maximum duration as short as 11.4 ps.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".