Experimental Constraints on the Transport and Deposition of Metals in Ore-Forming Hydrothermal Systems
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract The capacity of hydrothermal fluids to transport metals in concentrations sufficient to form ore deposits is due in large part to the polar nature of the water molecule and the ability of metals to form strong aqueous complexes with a number of ligands commonly found in nature. In this paper, we review the properties of hydrothermal liquids and vapors, show how the hard/soft acid/base (HSAB) principle can be used to predict why certain metals form strong complexes with particular ligands, and review the experimental data on the aqueous speciation of a selection of base, precious, and critical metals in high- and low-density hydrothermal fluids. Based on these data, we identify the important complexes for each metal and determine the physicochemical conditions under which they may predominate and thereby control hydrothermal metal transport. This information is used to quantitatively determine the solubility of the main ore minerals in hydrothermal liquids and vapors, and evaluate the mechanisms of metallic mineral deposition (cooling, fluid mixing, boiling, and fluid-rock interaction) in selected ore-forming systems.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.014 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".