Apuntes sobre las políticas culturales en América Latina, 1987-2009
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
espanolEl presente articulo hace un recorrido por la evolucion de las politicas culturales de America Latina desde 1987 hasta 2009. Se toma como fecha referencial 1987, ano de publicacion del libro Las Politicas Culturales en America Latina editado por Nestor Garcia Canclini. En estos veintidos anos han ocurrido profundos cambios en el continente, los cuales han influido en la concepcion, formulacion y aplicacion de la politica cultural de los Estados. Uno de los cambios mas profundos radica en la llamada crisis del Estado-Nacion y el consecuente transito de un constitucionalismo cultural implicito a uno explicito. Los Estados latinoamericanos se construyeron bajo el supuesto implicito de una nacion homogenea culturalmente, blanca, cristina y de habla castellana. La institucionalidad cultural estaba disena para interpelar a esa nacion imaginada. Desde la Constitucion canadiense de 1984, hasta las recientes constituciones de Bolivia y Ecuador, los Estados se reconocen desde lo diverso, lo multietnico y pluricultural. Este cambio supone una transformacion de la institucionalidad cultural la cual debe acomodarse a las nuevas realidades. Este cambio de concepcion del Estado supone tambien un gran salto en el tema de los derechos. La legislacion cultural anterior se sustentaba en el articulo 27 de la Declaracion Universal de los Derechos Humanos. La diversidad implica derechos. Es el paso del derecho a la cultura a los derechos de la cultura segun la tesis del profesor Jesus Prieto de Pedro. En la actual agenda se encuentra el transito de la declaracion de los derechos a la efectividad de los mismos. Ante la timidez de los organos legislativos, ha sido el poder judicial el encargado de dotar de contenidos y fijar los alcances de los derechos colectivos. Otro tema tratado son las relaciones entre economia y cultura y, por ultimo, el impacto de la segunda generacion de Convenciones de la UNESCO. EnglishThe present article runs through the evolution of cultural policies in Latin America between 1987 and 2009. The year 1987 is taken as a starting point due to the publication, in that year, of Cultural Policies in Latin America, edited by Nestor Garcia-Canclini. During the subsequent twenty-two years, moreover, profound changes have taken place on the continent, which have influenced the conception, formulation and application of the cultural policies of the continental States. One of the most profound changes lies in the so-called crisis of the Nation-State and the subsequent shift from an implicit to an explicit cultural constitutionalism. The Latin American States were built under the implicit assumption of a culturally homogenous nation, white, Christian and Spanish-speaking. Cultural institutions were then designed in order to interpellate this imagined nation. From the Canadian constitution of 1984 to the recent constitutions of Bolivia and Ecuador, however, the States now see themselves as diverse, multiethnic and pluricultural. This change arguably implies a transformation in cultural institutions, one that must indeed accommodate the new realities. Such a change in the conception of the State also necessitates a great leap forward in terms of rights, since previous cultural legislation was based on article 27 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, whilst the new diversity implies new rights. According to the argument of Professor Jesus Prieto de Pedro, this represents the step from the right to culture to the rights of culture. In the current agenda, one sees this in the move from the declaration of rights to their effective implementation. Faced with the timidity of the legislative bodies, moreover, the power of the judiciary has been employed in fleshing out the law and formalising gains in collective rights. Another relevant theme is that of the relation between economy and culture, and finally that of the impact of the second generation of UNESCO Conventions.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it