Prolonged oral coenzyme Q <sub>10</sub> -β-cyclodextrin supplementation increases plasma CoQ <sub>10</sub> concentration and skeletal muscle complex I+III activity in young, untrained healthy Thoroughbreds
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Coenzyme Q 10 (CoQ 10 ) is an essential component of the mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC). Decreased skeletal muscle CoQ 10 content may result in decreased ETC activity and energy production. This study aimed to test the hypothesis that prolonged supplementation with oral CoQ 10 will increase plasma CoQ 10 concentrations and skeletal muscle CoQ 10 content in young, healthy untrained Thoroughbreds. Nineteen Thoroughbreds (27.5±9.7 months old; 11 males, 8 females) from one farm and maintained on a grass pasture with one grain meal per day were supplemented orally once per day for 9 weeks with 1.5 mg/kg body weight of a CoQ 10 -β-cyclodextrin inclusion complex. Whole-blood and skeletal muscle biopsies were collected before (T 0 ) and after (T 1 ) 9 weeks of supplementation. Plasma CoQ 10 concentrations were determined via high-performance liquid chromatography. Skeletal muscle mitochondrial ETC combined complex I+III enzyme activity (an indirect measurement of CoQ 10 content) was assessed spectrophotometrically and normalised to mitochondrial abundance. Results were analysed using a paired two-tailed Students t -test with P ≤0.05 significant. Horses accepted supplementation with no adverse effects. The mean change in plasma CoQ 10 concentration from T 0 to T 1 was significantly greater than zero (0.13±0.02 vs . 0.25±0.03 µg/ml, mean difference 0.12±0.03; P =0.004), although variability in absorbance resulted in only a 58% response rate. The mean change in skeletal muscle complex I+III activity from T 0 to T 1 was significantly greater than zero (0.36±0.04 vs . 0.59±0.05 pmol/min/mg of muscle, mean difference 0.23±0.05; P =0.0004), although T 1 values for 3/19 horses decreased on average by 23% below T 0 values. In conclusion, prolonged oral supplementation of the diet of young, healthy untrained Thoroughbreds with CoQ 10 increased mean plasma CoQ 10 concentration by 99% and mean skeletal muscle complex I+III activity by 65% with variability in absorbance among horses. Additional research is warranted investigating training and exercise effects on skeletal muscle CoQ 10 content in CoQ 10 supplemented and un-supplemented Thoroughbreds.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".