Force spectroscopy using a quartz length-extension resonator
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Frequency modulation atomic force microscopy detects the interaction force between the tip and the sample by measuring the change in the resonance frequency of an oscillating force sensor. Short-range interaction force can be selectively detected by a small oscillation amplitude. A quartz length-extension resonator (LER) offers the advantage of small-amplitude operation by virtue of its ultrahigh stiffness. Here, we demonstrate that an LER can accurately measure the short-range interaction force at cryogenic temperature even under a high magnetic field. We derive a formula for calculating the effective stiffness of an oscillating LER by using the theory of elasticity. The obtained dynamic stiffness is 1.23 times greater than the static stiffness, and this difference significantly affects the estimation of the interaction force. Using a properly calibrated LER, force curves are measured on Si(111)-(7 × 7) surfaces. The maximum attractive short-range forces above Si adatoms using several tip apex states are in the ranges of the values previously obtained by Si cantilevers.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".