An overview of the architecture, sedimentology and hydrogeology of buried-valley aquifers in Canada
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Buried valleys occur across Canada yet no systematic study has been completed of the scale, style, and hydrogeological significance of this aquifer type. This paper reviews geological and hydrogeological knowledge of buried-valley aquifers in Canada. Buried valleys are placed in a stratigraphic classification: i) bedrock, ii) bedrock interface, and iii) Quaternary sediment. The distribution, geometry and scale of valleys and the sediment facies of valley fills are briefly discussed. Important hydrogeological characteristics for buried-valley aquifers include aquifer extent, aquifer continuity and several hydraulic characteristics that influence flow and hydraulic response. The wide range of hydrogeologic settings and functions for buried-valley aquifers explains their variability as groundwater resources, thus emphasizing the need for greater monitoring and understanding of buried valleys at several scales. Knowledge gaps are identified and the need for improved integration of geological and hydrogeological studies to improve understanding of Canada's buried-valley aquifers is advocated.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.005 | 0.010 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".