Acid induced gelation behavior of skim milk concentrated by membrane filtration
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
This work reports a detailed study of the effect of ultrafiltration (UF) and diafiltration (DF) on the acid-induced gelation behavior of fresh milk retentates (2× and 4×). Concentrates were heated at 80°C for 15 min, and compared to unheated samples. The use of extensive DF caused a significantly greater amount of protein (both caseins and whey proteins) in the supernatant fraction, compared to UF retentates at the same concentration, both in unheated and heated samples. DF retentates showed higher pH of gelation, compared to the corresponding UF retentates. The development of tan δ is reported for the first time as a function of colloidal calcium release, and the protein gelation behavior discussed in light differences in composition of the soluble fraction. The results demonstrate how processing history can affect compositional changes and the gelation behavior of fresh milk retentates. Membrane filtration is a widespread unit operation in the dairy industry, employed either to prepare fresh concentrates for further processing, or ingredients with specific functional properties. This work describes in detail the effect of processing history during membrane filtration on the rheological properties of acid induced gels and will help in optimizing formulations and prepare the right ingredients for the right application. It will also be possible to determine new ways to define processing quality of the milk protein concentrates, as it relates to their ability to form texture in fermented dairy products.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it