Active Sulfur Sites in Semimetallic Titanium Disulfide Enable CO<sub>2</sub> Electroreduction
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Electrocatalytic CO 2 -to-CO conversion represents one pathway to upgrade CO 2 to a feedstock for both fuels and chemicals (CO, deployed in ensuing Fischer–Tropsch or bioupgrading). It necessitates selective and energy-efficient electrocatalysts—a requirement met today only using noble metals such as gold and silver. Here, we show that the two-dimensional sulfur planes in semimetallic titanium disulfide (TiS 2 ) provide an earth-abundant alternative. In situ Fourier transform infrared mechanistic studies reveal that CO 2 binds to conductive disulfide planes as intermediate monothiocarbonate. The sulfur–CO 2 intermediate state steers the reduction kinetics toward mainly CO. Using TiS 2 thin films, we reach cathodic energy efficiencies up to 64% at 5 mA cm 2 . We conclude with directions for the further synthesis and study of semimetallic disulfides developing CO-selective electrocatalysts.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".