Active Sulfur Sites in Semimetallic Titanium Disulfide Enable CO<sub>2</sub> Electroreduction
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Electrocatalytic CO2-to-CO conversion represents one pathway to upgrade CO2 to a feedstock for both fuels and chemicals (CO, deployed in ensuing Fischer–Tropsch or bioupgrading). It necessitates selective and energy-efficient electrocatalysts—a requirement met today only using noble metals such as gold and silver. Here, we show that the two-dimensional sulfur planes in semimetallic titanium disulfide (TiS2) provide an earth-abundant alternative. In situ Fourier transform infrared mechanistic studies reveal that CO2 binds to conductive disulfide planes as intermediate monothiocarbonate. The sulfur–CO2 intermediate state steers the reduction kinetics toward mainly CO. Using TiS2 thin films, we reach cathodic energy efficiencies up to 64% at 5 mA cm2. We conclude with directions for the further synthesis and study of semimetallic disulfides developing CO-selective electrocatalysts.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".