Glacial and postglacial landforms and processes adjacent to King William Island, Nunavut, Canadian Arctic Archipelago
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The subaerial morphology of coastal King William Island and the bathymetry of adjacent offshore channels of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago have been explored with terrestrial/marine LiDAR and multibeam sonar surveys. During the Late Wisconsinan, the Laurentide Ice Sheet extended northward across most of the Canadian Arctic and imprinted the buried landscape. Analysis of the survey data elucidates both glacial and postglacial processes that have shaped the seafloor in channels of the south-central Canadian Arctic Archipelago. Glacial landforms include multiple, parallel, elongated, ridges many kilometres in length (mega-scale glacial lineations), and fields of drumlins; both of these features are indicative of ice flow direction, generally to the north. During ice sheet retreat, eskers and tunnel valleys formed beneath the ice and swarms of icebergs were released at the calving front. The keels of numerous icebergs incised the seabed with a pattern of furrows flanked by berms; these iceberg ploughmarks provide insight into paleocurrent directions in the archipelago during glacial retreat. Iceberg ploughmarks subaerially exposed on King William Island indicate a formerly higher sea level than at present. Postglacial landforms include raised beaches on King William Island, formed during the lowering of sea level to its present elevation. Extensive fields of small seabed pockmarks, 2 to 3 m in diameter, were likely formed by the release of gas within the sea floor sediment. A biogenic or petrogenic source for the gas has yet to be determined. Enigmatic, flat-bottomed pits, about 30 m in diameter, may be strudel scour or may be also related to gas release. Work is continuing to determine if Hexactinellid sponge reefs populate Victoria Strait west of King William Island. The seabed morphology in Victoria Strait strongly resembles that of sponge reefs mapped in the Pacific Ocean off British Columbia, where these reefs preferentially grow on ridges of coarse-grained glacial deposits exposed on the seabed.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.004 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".