Ground deformation observed near Cold Lake, Alberta, by RADARSAT-2 DInSAR during 2008-2013
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Ground deformation in the Cold Lake, Alberta, region was measured with Differential Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (DInSAR) from RADARSAT-2 imagery acquired during 2008-2013. Deformation maps presented here show subsidence and uplift produced during oil extraction. Typical values of ground deformation were in the range of and sometimes exceeding 10-30 cm over the 24 day satellite repeat period, which is more than 10 times faster than in other oil sands region that CCMEO has studied in collaboration with the Alberta Energy Regulator (AER). Significant deformation, both uplift and subsidence, was observed in regions where oil leaks were reported. These regions are shown as brown rectangles. This analysis may be significantly improved if ground based data such as, steam pressure, injection steam and oil extraction rates were used.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".