Sulfate-induced changes in rheological properties of fibre-reinforced cemented paste backfill
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Cemented paste backfill (CPB), a soft concrete-like material, is extensively used in underground mines worldwide for ground support and/or mine waste disposal. One of the most important ingredients in CPB is cement but it is expensive and can amount to 75% of the cost of the CPB. Therefore, CPB reinforced with fibres has been proposed and introduced in backfill operations to reduce the overall cement usage and cost, as well as improve the mechanical performance of CPB. However, the rheological properties of fibre-reinforced CPB and the factors that affect them are not well understood. The objective of this study is to therefore evaluate the effect of sulfate, which is commonly found in CPB, on the yield stress and viscosity of fibre-reinforced CPB through a series of experiments. The results show that the yield stress decreases with an increase in the initial sulfate content, while the viscosity increases as the sulfate content is increased. The sulfate ions significantly affect the amount and type of cement hydration products that form in the backfill matrix as well as the zeta potential of the fibre-reinforced CPB. The presented findings will contribute to improve the design and optimisation of backfill transport systems.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".