Relationship among cognitive function, depression, and vitamin D in a sample of Egyptian patients with migraine
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background Migraine is the second most common cause of headache worldwide. Recently, vitamin D deficiency has been considered as a global health problem. Cognitive impairment and depression are common comorbidities with both migraine and vitamin D deficiency. Some studies have shown relationship between vitamin D deficiency and migraine; however, the available evidence on association among vitamin D, migraine, and those comorbidities is limited. Objective To study the relation between vitamin D and migraine and to explore its relation to depression and cognitive impairment as comorbidities of migraine. Patients and methods This was a cross-sectional comparative case–control study. A total of 30 patients with migraine aged 18–41 years were included along with 30 controls, who were age and sex matched. All patients were assessed for frequency, duration of migraine attacks, and Migraine Disability Assessment Scale (MDAS). All patients with chronic migraine were not on prophylactic treatment. Moreover, patients and control were exposed to Hamilton Depression Rating scale (HAM-D) and Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) to assess depression and cognition, respectively. Serum vitamin D level was also measured. Results Serum vitamin D was significantly decreased in migraineurs with negative correlation to duration of disease and frequency of attacks; however, it was not significant to cognitive impairment or depression. MoCA and HAM-D were significantly affected in patients with migraine than control with significant decline in chronic form of migraine; however, there was no significant difference between migraine with aura or without. MoCA and HAM-D were also related to MDAS but not to vitamin D. Conclusion Serum vitamin D is deficient in migraineurs and was related to frequency of attacks but not to the severity of migraine, associated depression, or cognitive impairment. Cognitive impairment and depression were explored in migraineurs and related to MDAS. Cognitive impairment is related to both migraine with aura or without aura, and patients with chronic migraine are affected more than those with episodic migraine.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".